Jornalismo, população em situação de rua e eventos internacionais: uma análise de reportagens do jornal O Globo em 2017 / Journalism, homeless population and international events: an analysis of reportages in O Globo newspaper in 2017 / Periodismo, población en situación de calle y eventos internacionales: un análisis de reportajes del periódico O Globo en 2017

Este artigo tem o propósito de analisar as representações das pessoas em situação de rua e da violência em quatro reportagens expressivas do jornal O Globo, a fim de identificar se elas são retratadas como responsáveis pela violência urbana ou como vítimas de grupos violentos. Serão examinadas reportagens publicadas em 2017, um ano após a cidade ter passado por transformações significativas para os Jogos Olímpicos e Paralímpicos, incluindo investimentos em segurança pública por parte dos governos federal e estadual, alterações no espaço urbano e remoção forçada de pessoas em situação de rua das áreas turísticas. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, será utilizada como metodologia a análise de narrativas conforme Bastos e Biar e Spink. Em resumo, o jornal oscilou entre a demonização dessas pessoas, reforçando preconceitos associados a elas, e a abertura, ainda que em menor medida, para a divulgação das violências enfrentadas por esse segmento da população

This article aims to analyze the representations of people experiencing homelessness and of violence in four significant reportages in O Globo newspaper in order to determine whether they are portrayed as responsible for urban violence or as victims of violent groups. The selected reportages which will be examined were published in 2017, a year after the implementation of significant transformations in the city for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, including investments in public security by the federal and state governments, changes in urban space, and removal of homeless population by force from tourist areas. To achieve the proposed objective, the narrative analysis according to the approaches of Bastos and Biar and Spink will be employed as methodology. In short, the newspaper oscillated between demonising these individuals, reinforcing prejudices associated with them, and opening up, albeit to a lesser extent, to publicise the violence faced by this segment of the population

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las representaciones de las personas en situación de calle y de la violencia en cuatro reportajes significativos del periódico O Globo para determinar si él las retrata como responsables de la violencia urbana o como víctimas de grupos violentos. Serán examinados reportajes publicados en 2017, un año después de que la ciudad había pasado por transformaciones significativas debido a los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos, que incluyeron inversiones en seguridad pública por parte de los gobiernos federal y estatal, cambios en el espacio urbano y la remoción forzada de personas en situación de calle de las zonas turísticas. Para lograr el objetivo propuesto, se empleará el análisis narrativo como metodología de acuerdo con los enfoques de Bastos y Biar y Spink. En resumen, el periódico osciló entre la demonización de estas personas, reforzando los prejuicios asociados a ellas, y la apertura, aunque en menor medida, a la divulgación de las violencias enfrentadas por este segmento de la población

The COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on mass shootings in six major US cities.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has significant impacts on the US socioeconomic structure. Gun violence is a major public health issue and the effects on this area have not been well-elucidated. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of the pandemic on mass shootings in six major United States cities with historically high rates of gun violence. METHODS: Mass shooting data were extracted from an open-source database, Gun Violence Archive. Mass shooting was defined as four or more people shot at a single event. Data from six cities with the highest incidence of mass shootings were analyzed in 2019 versus 2020 (Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit, New Orleans, Philadelphia, and St. Louis). Geographic data were examined to assess changes in each city's mass shooting geographic distribution over time. Quantitative changes were assessed using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), and qualitative data were assessed using ArcGIS. RESULTS: In 2020, the overall percentage of mass shootings increased by 46.7% though there was no change in the distribution of these events when assessed quantitatively (no change in average ADI) nor qualitatively (using ArcGIS). In the six cities analyzed, the total proportion of mass shooting events was unchanged during the pandemic (21.8% vs 20.6%, p = 0.64). Chicago, the US city with the highest incidence of mass shootings, did not experience a significant change in 2020 (n = 34/91, 37.3% vs. n = 53/126, 42.1%, p = 0.57). Baltimore had a significant decrease in mass shooting events (n = 18/91, 19.8% vs. 10/126, 7.9%, p = 0.01). The other four cities had no significant change in the number of mass shootings (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study is the first to use ArcGIS technology to describe the patterns of mass shooting in six major US cities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of mass shootings in six US cities remained largely unchanged which suggests that changes in mass shootings is likely occurring in smaller cities. Future studies should focus on the changing patterns of homicides in at-risk communities and other possible social influences.

A scoping review of how exposure to urban violence impacts youth access to sexual, reproductive and trauma health care in LMICs.

Violence in the community can impact access to health care. This scoping review examines the impact of urban violence upon youth (aged 15-24) access to sexual and reproductive health and trauma care in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs). We searched key electronic health and other databases for primary peer-reviewed studies from 2010 through June 2020. Thirty five of 6712 studies extracted met criteria for inclusion. They were diverse in terms of study objective and design but clear themes emerged. First, youth experience the environment and interpersonal relationships to be violent which impacts their access to health care. Second, sexual assault care is often inadequate, and stigma and abuse are sometimes reported in treatment settings. Third is the low rate of health seeking among youth living in a violent environment. Fourth is the paucity of literature focusing on interventions to address these issues. The scoping review suggests urban violence is a structural and systemic issue that, particularly in low-income areas in LMICs, contributes to framing the conditions for accessing health care. There is a gap in evidence about interventions that will support youth to access good quality health care in complex scenarios where violence is endemic.

Urban Violence, Migration and Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana Use among Transnational Students in Northern Mexico.

This article reports on the findings of a study of the relationship between transnational experiences in the United States (US) and the use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana among 7th grade students (n = 1418). The study was guided by a cross-national framework for research on immigrant health and assessed the accumulation of risk factors for transnational adolescents. Data came from a survey conducted in 2017 in Nogales, Mexico. In this study, the last 30-day prevalence of use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana among students was 21.7%, 8.3%, and 2.4%, respectively. Most students were born in Nogales (69.6%), while 10.5% were born in the US, 7.5% attended school in the US, and 3.6% engaged in health-related risk behaviors while living in or visiting the US. Students with transnational experiences, such as attending school in the US, reported the highest 30-day prevalence of tobacco (13.3%) and marijuana (9.5%) use. After adjusting for family, school, access to substances and neighborhood violence variables, students who engaged in health-related risk behavior in the US had significantly increased odds of alcohol and marijuana use while later attending school in Mexico. The article discusses the findings from a prevention science perspective and provides implications for policy, practice, and future research on the Mexico-US border region.

Fractured lives in fractured cities: Towards a critical understanding of urban violence in the context of market-driven urban restructuring processes in Bogotá and Rio de Janeiro.

Based on a comparative case study on two neighborhoods in Bogota and Rio de Janeiro (2017-2019) and a comprehensive literature review, this article proposes a critical Public Health approach to urban violence and makes a case for understanding the phenomenon in the context of market-driven urban territorial restructuring processes that assume specific qualities in cities of the Global South. The case studies are based on focus groups and semi-structured interviews with residents, specialists and community leaders. It is argued that urban violence is a key public health challenge, particularly in Latin America, given its dimensions and its impact on the populations' life and health. In this regard it configures "fractured lives" in what urban scholars have termed "fractured cities" - essentially unequal and polarized cities that are not merely sites of urban violence but, as we argue in this article, fundamentally shape urban violence, its qualities, dynamics and dimensions. The study is informed by a unique theoretical articulation between Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health, critical (Latin American) geographical theory and authoritarian neoliberalism literature and shows how urban violence is directly implied in the territorial making and un-making of the cities, driven by commodification as well as both legal and illegal capitalist market logics, that include but are not limited to drug trade. The cases reflect the violence implied in permanent threats of eviction and displacement, "necropolitical" police/military interventions and what is described as a silent imposition of a "slow death" on infrastructure, the neighborhood and ultimately also its residents, which "fracture" the lives of significant parts of the urban population, produce "ill-being" and bring about health consequences that are rarely considered in relation to urban violence.

How does urban violence impact choices of cultural participation? The case of the Maré favela complex in Rio de Janeiro.

The impact of urban violence on society has been the subject of several studies, but the consequences of fear for habits of cultural consumption are missing in cultural economics research. This article investigates whether the fear of urban violence explains individuals' choice between different options of cultural participation with a particular focus on the activities of watching movies and listening to music. Based on individual data from a survey conducted in 2019 with 1211 residents from a conglomeration of sixteen favelas (slums) located in the Maré neighbourhood in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), this study employs Simultaneous Bivariate Ordered Probit Models to verify the association between individuals' fear of violence and their choice of consuming culture in private or public spaces. Controlling for socioeconomic, demographic, and territorial variables, the findings indicate that consuming culture in private spaces is a substitute for public spaces when individuals are more afraid of violence. The results presented in this work provide evidence for the design and implementation of policies targeting territories impacted by high levels of violence.

Cities and armed conflict: A systematic urban-rural coding of UCDP conflict events data.

This data article provides a descriptive overview of the Cities and Armed Conflict Events (CACE) dataset and the data collection methods. The dataset provides a systematic coding of armed conflict events taking place in cities and outside cities across the globe. It constitutes an extension of the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) Georeferenced Events Dataset (GED) version 18.1 and covers 1989-2017. To identify which events of armed conflict took place in cities, the data was manually matched to to data from the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). The dataset enables systematic analysis of urban-rural patterns in armed conflict, as illustrated by Elfversson & Höglund [1]. While existing methods for analysing such patterns frequently rely on matching conflict data to spatial grids combined with population density, the data presented here with higher validity captures whether violent events take place in cities.

Evaluation of an Alternative Learning System for youths at risk of involvement in urban violence in the Philippines.

BACKGROUND: Globally, violence disproportionately affects young people, leading to injury, hospitalisation, death, social dysfunction, and poor mental wellbeing. Moreover, it has far-reaching economic consequences for whole nations, due to loss of productivity. Research suggests that attaining a higher level of education promotes factors that insulate youths from poverty and violence. PURPOSE: In this study, we investigated the outcomes, the cost, and the cost-effectiveness of a non-formal education program with an additional psychosocial component. The short-term outcome measure was an increase in educational attainment, a crucial step for youth empowerment. The program analysed was the Alternative Learning System (ALS) offered by the Balay Rehabiliation Centre in Bagong Silang, an urban slum in Manila, which targeted out of school youth. METHODS: The cost-effectiveness analysis of ALS compared to a 'do nothing approach' was performed from the perspective of the service provider. The study sample comprised 239 learners who were enrolled in the ALS during 2015-2018. For the 'do nothing' comparator, a counterfactual scenario was hypothesised. The average cost of the intervention per enrolled learner, and the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) for passing the Accreditation and Evaluation (A&E) exam at elementary or secondary level, were calculated. RESULTS: The ALS intervention studied resulted in 41% (n = 97) of the learners passing the examination over a period of four years (from 2015-2018). The estimated total cost of the intervention was $371,110, corresponding to $1550 per enrolled learner. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for a pass in the exam was found to be $3830. Compared to other, international, alternative learning interventions, the ALS intervention as used in Bagong Silang was found to be more cost-effective. CONCLUSION: From the service provider perspective, the ALS for out-of-school young people was found to be a valuable investment to benefit poor young people living in slums in Manila.

Visita domiciliar pela Estratégia Saúde da Família: limites e possibilidades no contexto da violência urbana no Rio de Janeiro / Home visit by the Family Health Strategy: limits and possibilities in the context of urban violence in Rio de Janeiro / Visita domiciliar por la Estrategia Salud de la Familia: límites y posibilidades en el contexto de la violencia urbana en Río de Janeiro

A Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) se organiza sobre uma base territorial, considerando as características locais e possibilitando às equipes conhecer o perfil da clientela e as situações vivenciadas no seu cotidiano. Nos últimos anos, o município do Rio de Janeiro expandiu a ESF para territórios altamente vulneráveis e as equipes aproximaram-se de áreas onde a violência urbana está fortemente presente. O objetivo foi compreender se a Visita Domiciliar (VD) permanece como uma ferramenta possível para a ESF, em contextos de violência urbana. Foi realizado um estudo de natureza qualitativa, com aplicação de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado e análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontam que a VD é, prioritariamente, destinada à busca de usuários com alguma limitação de acesso à unidade, restrição ao leito ou domicílio. Segundo o relato dos profissionais, situações frequentes como incursão policial, confronto armado entre a polícia e traficantes, a presença de caveirões e o som de tiros e bombas, são limitadores para a realização da VD. A qualidade da atenção prestada fica prejudicada e as atividades no território sofrem grandes prejuízos, trazendo medo e insegurança, inclusive aos profissionais. A ESF se consolida como um serviço próximo a territórios marcados pela violência urbana, enfrentando desafios diários para aplicação de suas ferramentas, em especial a VD.

The Family Health Strategy (ESF) is organized on a territorial basis, considering the local characteristics and enabling teams to know the profile of their clientele and situations experienced in their daily lives. In recent years, the municipality of Rio de Janeiro has expanded the ESF to highly vulnerable territories and has approached to areas where urban violence is strongly present. The objective was to understand if the Home Visit (VD) remains as a possible tool for ESF, in contexts of urban violence. A qualitative study was carried out, using interviews with semi structured script and content analysis. The results indicate that the VD is, primarily, aimed to search for users with some limitation of access, restriction to the bed or domicile. According to professionals reports, frequent situations such as police incursions, armed clashes between police and drug dealers, the presence of caveirões and the sound of shots and bombs, are limiting for the accomplishment of VD. The quality of care provided is impaired and activities in territory suffer great losses, bringing fear and insecurity, including to professionals. The ESF consolidates itself as a service close to territories marked by urban violence, facing daily challenges for application of its tools, especially the RV.

La Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) está organizada sobre una base territorial, considerando las características locales y permitiendo a los equipos conocer el perfil de la clientela y las situaciones experimentadas en su vida diaria. En los últimos años, el municipio de Río de Janeiro ha expandido la ESF a territorios altamente vulnerables y los equipos se han acercado a áreas donde la violencia urbana está fuertemente presente. El objetivo era comprender si la Visita Domiciliaria (VD) sigue siendo una posible herramienta para la ESF en contextos de violencia urbana. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, usando entrevistas con guiones semiestructurados y análisis de contenido. Los resultados indican que la VD está destinada principalmente a la búsqueda de usuarios con alguna limitación de acceso a la unidad, restricción de lecho o domicilio. Según el informe de los profesionales, las situaciones frecuentes como redadas policiales, enfrentamientos armados entre la policía y los traficantes, la presencia de caveirões y el sonido de disparos y bombas, son limitantes para la realización de la VD. La calidad de la atención se ve afectada y las actividades en el territorio sufren grandes daños, lo que genera temor e inseguridad, incluso para los profesionales. La ESF se consolida como un servicio cercano a los territorios marcados por la violencia urbana, enfrentando desafíos diarios para aplicar sus herramientas, especialmente la VD

Neighborhood variation in unsolved homicides: a retrospective cohort study in Indianapolis, Indiana, 2007-2017.

BACKGROUND: Homicide is a widely acknowledged public health problem in the United States. The majority of homicides are committed with a firearm and have long-term health consequences for family members and entire communities. When left unsolved, violence may be perpetuated due to the retaliatory nature of homicides. Improving homicide clearance rates may help prevent future violence, however, we know little about the community-level social dynamics associated with unsolved homicides. METHODS: This study examines the individual-and-community-level social processes associated with low homicide clearance rates in Indianapolis, Indiana between 2007 and 2017. Homicide clearance is the primary outcome, defined as if a perpetrator was arrested for that homicide case between 2007 and 2017. Individual-level variables include the victim's race/ethnicity, sex, and age. Community-level (i.e., census tracts) variables include the number of resident complaints against the police, resident complains of community disorder, income inequality, number of police interactions, and proportion of African American residents. RESULTS: In Indianapolis over a 11-year period, the homicide clearance rate decreased to a low of 38% in 2017, compared to a national clearance rate of 60%. Homicide case clearance was less likely for minority (OR 0.566; 95% CI, 0.407-0.787; p < 0.01) and male (OR 0.576; 95% CI, 0.411-0.807; p < 0.01) victims. Resident complaints of community disorder were associated with a decreased odds of case clearance (OR 0.687; 95% CI, 0.485-0.973; p < .01)., African American victim's cases were less likely to be cleared in 2014-2017 (OR 0.640; 95% CI, 0.437-0.938; p < 0.05), compared to 2007. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified differences in neighborhood social processes associated with homicide clearance, indicating existing measures on these community factors are complex. Programs aimed at improving signs of community disorder and building community engagement may improve neighborhood clearance rates, lower violence, and improve the health of these communities.

Interseccionalidade, femi-geno-cídio e necropolítica: morte de mulheres nas dinâmicas da violência no Ceará / Intersectionality, femi-geno-cide and necropolitcs: women's deaths in the dynamics of urban violence in Ceará / Interseccionalidad, femi-geno-cidio y necropolítica: muerte de mujeres en las dinamicas de la violencia en Ceará / Intersectionnalité, femi-géno-cide et nécropolite: décès de la femme dans la dynamique de la violence à Ceará

O artigo objetiva problematizar interseccionalmente a dinâmica da morte de adolescentes e jovens mulheres nas tramas da violência urbana no Ceará, destacando as relações entre marcadores sociais e de opressão, como gênero, raça e classe. No primeiro momento, sustentamos que tal fenômeno é expressão de um femi-geno-cídio e de uma necropolítica de gênero, apontando alguns elementos que compõem o plano de forças em que essas mortes são engendradas. Em seguida, discutimos como a criminalização dessas mulheres tem articulado seus assassinatos a outras expressões da violência, como o encarceramento feminino, configurando-se como um indutor de precarização interseccional da vida de mulheres negras e pobres, tornando-as "vidas não passíveis de luto". Conclui-se apontando que as políticas de prevenção e enfrentamento à violência contra mulheres devem desnaturalizar a condição de matabilidade e abjeção que recai sobre corpos racializados, feminizados e periferizados.

El artículo objetiva problematizar, a través de la interseccionalidad, la dinámica de la muerte de niñas y mujeres en las dinámicas de la violencia urbana en Ceará, destacando las relaciones entre marcadores sociales y de opresión, como género, raza y clase en ese fenómeno. En el primer momento, sostenemos que ese fenómeno es expresión de un femine-genocidio y de una necropolítica de género, apuntando algunos elementos que componen el plan de fuerzas en que esas muertes se dan. En seguida, discutimos cómo la criminalización de esas mujeres ha articulado sus asaltos a otras expresiones de la violencia, como el encarcelamiento femenino, configurándose un inductor de precarización interseccional de la vida de mujeres negras y pobres, haciéndolas más vulnerables a la violencia urbana y vidas no pasibles de luto. Se concluye apuntando que las políticas públicas de prevención y enfrentamiento a la violencia deben ser pensadas a partir de la precarización maximizadas que determinados cuerpos racializados, feminizados, periferizados y abjetificados vivencian.

L 'article vise à problématiser, à travers l'intersectionalité, la dynamique de la mort des filles et des femmes dans la dynamique de la violence urbaine à Ceará, en soulignant la relation entre les marqueurs sociaux et l'oppression tels que le genre, la race et la classe. Dans un premier temps, nous maintenons que ce phénomène est l'expression d'une femigénocide et d'une nécropolite de genre, soulignant certains éléments qui composent le plan des forces dans lequel se produisent ces morts. Nous discuterons ensuite de la façon dont la criminalisation de ces femmes la articuler leurs assassinats à d'autres manifestations de violence, telles que l'emprisonnement de femmes, devenant un inducteur de précarisation intersectionnelle de la vie de femmes noires et de femmes pauvres, les rendant plus vulnérables à la violence urbaine et, par conséquent, à des vies invivables. Il conclut en soulignant que les politiques de prévention et de lutte contre la violence doivent dénaturer la condition de maturité et d'abjection qui relève des corps racialisés, féminisés et périphériques.

The association between weather and the number of daily shootings in Chicago (2012-2016).

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have linked weather to crime and aggression but have not considered the causal structure of the variables included in the model(s). METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from 2012 to 2016 to measure the association between weather and the number of shootings in Chicago. The number of shootings per day was obtained via the Chicago Tribune (2012-2016). Daily high temperature, humidity, wind speed, difference in temperature from historical average, precipitation type and amount, were extracted via The Weather Underground. Weekend, holidays, and other non-school days were also included as possible effect measure modifiers. Causally-adjusted negative binomial regressions were used to evaluate the associations between the exposures of interest and daily number of shootings. RESULTS: A 10-degree (°C) higher temperature was significantly associated with 34% more shootings on weekdays, and 42% more shootings on weekends or holidays. A 10-degree higher temperature than average was also associated with 33.8% higher rate of shootings. CONCLUSION: In recent years, shootings in Chicago were more likely to happen on warm days and especially during the weekend or holidays. This finding is in-line with studies that have linked crime to higher temperature and also suggests that shootings may be related to when individuals are outside and more likely to encounter violence. Interventions that keep people inside, such as air-conditioning and summer programs for students, might be effective in reducing the number of shootings in Chicago. We believe using a causal structure is useful for understanding the link between weather and shootings.

La violencia urbana como fenómeno multicausal: un estudio en tres comunas de la ciudad de San Juan de Pasto / Urban violence as a multi-causal phenomenon: a study in three communes of the city of San Juan de Pasto

Resumen Objetivo: Describir y comprender los factores socioambientales de la violencia urbana en tres comunas de la ciudad de San Juan de Pasto (Colombia). Método: Investigación cualitativa en la que participaron 47 estudiantes, entre los 11 y 17 años (26 mujeres y 21 hombres) de tres Instituciones Educativas públicas, 16 docentes de diferentes asignaturas y 5 agentes comunitarios clave. El estudio se desarrolló en tres comunas con estrato socioeconómico bajo, de la ciudad de San Juan de Pasto-Colombia. La información se obtuvo mediante grupos focales y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Resultados: La violencia urbana es un fenómeno multicausal atravesado por diferentes factores como, el abandono del Estado a las comunidades más vulnerables, la inequidad en la oferta de oportunidades de desarrollo para sus habitantes, el estigma y la exclusión propiciados por formas de organización social ilegales como las pandillas, las cuales pese a que satisfacen ciertas necesidades en los jóvenes, también favorecen comportamientos criminales y ejercen un control territorial inadecuado. Finalmente, las dinámicas familiares disfuncionales como el maltrato, la falta de apoyo familiar y la ausencia de los padres, son factores de riesgo que al interactuar con otros, contribuyen a la consolidación de la violencia urbana. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones frente a la violencia urbana deben garantizar la presencia del Estado en las comunidades afectadas, mediante el despliegue de políticas públicas y programas sociales que propendan por mejorar las condiciones socioambientales y el empoderamiento. Se requiere impulsar estrategias para mejorar la seguridad y la convivencia ciudadana, proveer de mejores oportunidades de empleo y de educación formal y no formal en las que se incluyan también a las familias, garantizando el desarrollo integral de las comunidades, especialmente las más vulnerables, las cuales han sido afectadas sensiblemente por la violencia.

Abstract Objective: Describe and understand the socio-environmental factors of urban violence in three communes of the city of San Juan de Pasto (Colombia). Method: Qualitative research in which participed 47 students, between 11 and 17 years old (26 women and 21 men) from three public educational institutions, 16 teachers from different subjects and 5 key community agents. The study was carried on in three communities with a low socioeconomic status, from the city of San Juan de Pasto, Colombia. The information was obtained through focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Results: Urban violence is a multi-causal phenomenon conditioned by different factors such as the abandonment of the State to the most vulnerable communities, the inequality in the offer of development opportunities for his inhabitants, the stigma and exclusion fostered by illegal forms of social organization like gangs, which, although they satisfy certain needs in young people, also favor criminal behavior and exercise inadequate territorial control. Finally, dysfunctional family dynamics such as abuse, lack of family support and the absence of parents are risk factors that, when interacting with others, contribute to the consolidation of urban violence. Conclusions: Interventions against urban violence must ensure the presence of the State in the affected communities, through the deployment of public policies and social programs that tend to improve socio-environmental conditions and empowerment. It is necessary to promote strategies to improve security and citizen coexistence, provide better employment opportunities and formal and non-formal education in which families are also included, guaranteeing the integral development of communities, especially the most vulnerable, which have been significantly affected by violence.

Study protocol of personal characteristics and socio-cultural factors associated with mental health and quality of life of residents living in violent territories.

BACKGROUND: Throughout the world, millions of people living in deprived urban environments with frequent experiences of violence are mentally distressed. There is little evidence about which characteristics of people living in such environments are associated with lower or higher levels of mental distress and how they may cope with experiences of violence. METHODS/DESIGN: This study is part of the research project 'Building the Barricades' (ES/S000720/1 ESRC-AHRC GCRF Mental Health 2017), which uses a mixed-method approach. Quantitative and qualitative studies will be conducted in 16 favelas in the area of Maré in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The quantitative study consists of a survey of 1200 randomly selected adults living in Maré and of 200 individuals who frequent the open-use drug sites. The survey will assess sociodemographic characteristics, experiences of different forms of violence, physical and mental health status (including drug use) and active participation in cultural consumption and production. In the qualitative study we will conduct 60 in-depth interviews and 8 focus groups of participants selected from respondents to the survey to assess in more detail their experiences of violence and coping strategies. In order to analyze the quantitative data we will use descriptive statistics and explore associations in uni- and multi-variable analyses. Qualitative data will be subjected to thematic analysis. DISCUSSION: This is an exploratory study to identify characteristics and coping strategies that appear to help people to overcome experiences of violence in deprived areas without developing mental distress. The findings could inform policies to reduce mental distress and improve the quality of life of people living in urban areas affected by violence.

Representações de violência veiculadas pela mídia: a crise da segurança pública no Espírito Santo / Representations about violence veiculated by news: the safety crisis in Espírito Santo

Pretende-se identificar as representações sociais de violência emergentes a partir dos acontecimentos decorrentes da Crise de Segurança Pública no Espírito Santo em fevereiro de 2017. Realizou-se um estudo documental de caráter exploratório e descritivo sobre o conteúdo do jornal impresso local "A Tribuna", publicado entre 4 e 28 de fevereiro do referido ano. O material foi submetido a análises lexicográficas com o auxílio do software IRAMUTEQ. A Classificação Hierárquica Descendente realizada dividiu o corpus em dois sub-corpus: "Ações Criminosas" e "Ocorrências e sociedade". O primeiro originou as classes "Vítima X Bandido", "Pós crime" e "Cenas do crime", enquanto o segundo originou as classes "Segurança e vida social", "Registros e relatos de ocorrências" e "Delegacias e atendimento de ocorrências". Os resultados da análise das classes apontaram para uma descrição detalhada sobre as cenas dos crimes, suas consequências, assim como uma representação da violência a partir da dicotomia entre "pessoas de bem" e "criminosos". Também observaram-se notícias relativas aos desdobramentos administrativos dos crimes, restabelecimento da ordem social e medidas de segurança. As notícias desfavorecem a compreensão da violência como um fenômeno social mais amplo, fortalecendo estereótipos e contribuindo aos fenômenos de exclusão

It's intended to identify the social representations of violence emerging from the events arising from the Public Security Crisis in Espírito Santo in February 2017. An exploratory and descriptive documentary study was carried out on the contents of the local printed newspaper "A Tribuna" published between 4 and February 28 of that year. The material was submitted to lexicographic analysis with the aid of IRAMUTEQ software. The Descendant Hierarchical Classification divided the corpus into two sub-corpus: "Criminal actions" and "Occurrences and society". The first originated the classes "Victim X Bandit", "Post crime" and "Scenes of crime", while the second originated the classes "Security and social life", "Records and reports of occurrences" and "Police stations and attendance of occurrences". The results of the class analysis pointed to a detailed description of the crime scenes, their consequences, as well as a depiction of violence from the dichotomy between "good people" and "criminals." There were also reports on the administrative consequences of the crimes, the restoration of social order and security measures. The news undermines the understanding of violence as a broader social phenomenon, strengthening stereotypes and contributing to the phenomena of exclusion

A percepção sobre insegurança e violência urbana em idosos de um município brasileiro / Perception on insecurity and urban violence between elderly people in a Brasilian municipality / La percepción de inseguridad y violencia urbana entre los ancianos en un municipio brasileño

Este estudo procurou examinar as diferenças entre idosos brasileiros sobre os fatores preditores da percepção sobre insegurança e violência urbana. O estudo foi realizado em um município brasileiro com 2052 idosos, em 2012. Os dados foram analisados pelo SPSS versão 19,pelo teste qui-quadrado e regressão ordinal, considerando-se nível de significância de p≤0,05. No modelo final deste estudo, maior insegurança e violência urbana manteve-se associada à faixa etária, ao sexo, à cor da pele, à escolaridade, ao tempo de moradia e à percepção sobre as diferenças no bairro. Pode-se concluir que existem diferenças relevantes entre os idosos na percepção da insegurança e violência urbana, que pôde ser explicada por idade, cor da pele e diferenças contextuais no bairro de residência desses idosos

This study examines the differences in predictors of perceptions about urban insecurity and violence among Brazilian elderly. We conducted a study in a Brazilian municipality with 2052 elderly in 2012. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 by the chi-square test and ordinal regression, considering p≤0.05. In the final model of this study, greater insecurity and urban violence remained associated with age, sex, skin color, and schooling, residence time and perception of differences in the neighborhood. We concluded that there are relevant differences among the elderly in the perception of insecurity and urban violence,which could be explained by age, skin color and contextual differences in the neighborhood of residenceof these elderly people

Este estudio buscó examinar las diferencias entre los brasileños de edad avanzada con respecto a los factores predictivos de percepción sobre la inseguridad y la violencia urbana. El estudio se llevó a cabo en un municipio brasileño con 2052 personas de edad avanzada, en 2012. Los datos se analizaron utilizando SPSS versión 19, utilizando la prueba de chi-cuadrado y la regresión ordinal, considerando un nivel de significación dep≤0.05. En el modelo final de este estudio, la mayor inseguridad y violencia urbana se mantuvo asociada con el grupo de edad, el sexo, el color de la piel, la educación, el tiempode residencia y la percepción de las diferencias en el vecindario. Se puede concluir que existen diferencias relevantes entre los ancianos en la percepción de inseguridad y violencia urbana, lo que podría explicarse por la edad, el color de la piel y las diferencias contextuales en el vecindario de residencia de estas personas mayores

Levels of resilience and delivery of HIV care in response to urban violence and crime.

AIMS: To understand the impact of urban violence and crime on HIV care delivery. BACKGROUND: Urban violence and crime can put pressure on the healthcare system and on nursing staff. Whilst there is research about the impact this has at the individual level, there is less research that places this in the context of the overall social eco-system. DESIGN: A qualitative design using inductive thematic analysis. METHODS: Between July 2016 - February 2017, we conducted in-depth interviews with 10 nurses working in two neighbourhoods with high levels of violence in Cape Town, South Africa. RESULTS: The effects of crime and violence were evident at multiple levels resulting in participants feeling "safe and unsafe" in a context where people view crime as endemic. Resilience emerged as a key concept in the findings. Resilience was apparent at individual, community, and organizational levels and enabled continued delivery of HIV care. CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate the potential role of resilience in the social eco-health system required to sustain delivery of HIV care in the midst of urban violence and gangsterism. IMPACT: This study examined the impact of and response to urban violence on HIV care delivery. The findings indicate that resilience manifests at all levels of the social eco-system. Understanding the mechanisms employed to cope with endemic violence helps to address these challenges in the study setting, but also has a much wider application to other areas with endemic urban violence and crime.

O território e as implicações da violência urbana no processo de trabalho dos agentes comunitários de saúde em uma unidade básica / The territory and implications of urban violence for the work process of community health agents in a primary healthcare unit

Resumo No contexto da atenção primária à saúde, a violência urbana é um desafio que tem impactado diretamente o setor por conta da localização geográfica dos equipamentos de saúde em áreas de vulnerabilidade e da maior interação dos trabalhadores com situações que colocam em perigo, implícita ou explicitamente, sua segurança. O artigo discute as implicações desse fenômeno no trabalho e na construção dos vínculos estabelecidos entre os agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) com a população em um território. Foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa e o referencial teórico das representações sociais para compreender como a execução das políticas de saúde se concretiza no cotidiano à luz das interações, dos conflitos e das decisões que permeiam os contatos com o público na produção do serviço. Como resultado, destacamos que a violência e as representações em torno desta interferem na produção de estratégias de promoção e prevenção e na produção dos vínculos, tornando os canais de negociações mais restritos. É fundamental que o processo de trabalho das equipes de saúde esteja fortalecido com discussões e articulação em rede na minimização dos riscos individuais sobre seus trabalhadores e como possibilidade de efetivação dos pressupostos da integralidade do cuidado e redução das iniquidades.

Abstract In the context of Primary Health Care, urban violence is characterized as a challenge that has direct impact on the health sector due to the geographical localization of health equipment in vulnerable areas and strong interaction of the workers with situations that endanger them, implicit or explicit to their safety. In this study we discuss the implications of this phenomenon for the work and the development of the bonds established between the Community Health Agents and the population within a territory. We used a qualitative methodology and theoretical approach of the social representations, aiming at increasing the understanding of how health policies are implemented on the daily routine in the light of interactions, conflicts and decisions that permeate the contacts with the public in the provision of the service. As a result, we emphasize that community violence and its representations interfere in the development of healthcare promotion and prevention strategies and in the development of bonds, making negotiation channels more restricted. It is fundamental to strengthen the work process of the health team through collective discussion and networking in the prevention and minimizing individual risks about their workers and with a possibility of accomplishing a straight work with the assumptions of integrality of care and reduction of inequalities.

Violência urbana e saúde mental: por narrativas em primeira pessoa / Urban violence and mental health: first person narratives

Resumo O artigo apresenta um estudo qualitativo acerca da temática violência urbana e saúde mental através das narrativas de pacientes de uma clínica da família localizada em área muito violenta. Empregou-se a metodologia da Medicina Narrativa e foram entrevistadas três pacientes da clínica da família, selecionadas pelo seu pedido de cuidado em saúde mental e intensa experiência com violência. São analisadas as narrativas, que foram gravadas, e depreendidos elementos que podem indicar os agravos proporcionados pela experiência violenta à saúde mental das entrevistadas, a saber, trauma, "desterritorialização" afetiva, prolongamento do luto, intervenção do poder dos códigos da violência na autonomia subjetiva e identitária.

Abstract The article presents a qualitative study about the theme of urban violence and mental health through the narratives of patients of a family clinic located in a very violent area. The Narrative Medicine methodology was used, and three patients from the family clinic were interviewed, selected for their request for mental health care and intense experience with violence. The narratives are analyzed, recorded, and pointed the elements that may indicate the harms provided by the violent experience to the mental health of the interviewees, namely trauma, affective "deterritorialization", prolongation of mourning, and intervention of the power of violence codes in subjective and identity autonomy.

Entre sufocamentos e alguns possíveis: violência urbana e políticas públicas / Between suffocations and some possible: urban violence and public policies / Entre sofocos y algunos posibles: violencia urbana y políticas públicas

O objetivo deste artigo é problematizar implicações da intensificação da violência letal e desafios frente a isso no cotidiano de trabalhadores sociais que atuam em uma das regiões com maiores taxas de homicídios na cidade de Fortaleza. Trata-se de um desdobramento de uma pesquisa-intervenção, à luz do método da cartografia, que analisou práticas institucionais em torno da problemática dos homicídios de adolescentes e jovens. Os dados foram produzidos por observações, conversas no cotidiano, entrevistas e grupos de discussões. A seção de resultados e discussão destaca: 1) a violência como fortalecedora de barreiras no acesso de profissionais aos territórios e no acesso das juventudes mais estigmatizadas aos serviços existentes; 2) os desafios de profissionais de tomar a violência como objeto de ação-reflexão-ação e 3) a experiência de grupos de discussões intersetoriais na Barra do Ceará como estratégia de coletivização da problemática dos homicídios. (AU)

The objective of this article is to problematize the implications of the intensification of lethal violence and challenges to this in the daily life of social workers working in one of the regions with the highest homicide rates in the city of Fortaleza. It is a development of an intervention research, in the light of the cartography method, which analyzed institutional practices around the problem of homicides of adolescents and young people. The data were produced by observations, daily conversations, interviews and discussion groups. The results and discussion section highlights: 1) violence as a strengthening of barriers in the access of professionals to the territories and in the access of the most stigmatized youth to existing services; 2) the challenges of professionals to take violence as an object of action-reflection-action; and 3) the experience of intersectorial discussion groups in Barra do Ceará as a strategy for collectivizing the problem of homicides. (AU)

El objetivo de este artículo es problematizar implicaciones de la intensificación de la violencia letal y desafíos frente a eso en el cotidiano de trabajadores sociales que actúan en una de las regiones con mayores tasas de homicidios en la ciudad de Fortaleza. Se trata de un desdoblamiento de una investigación-intervención, a la luz del método de la cartografía, que analizó prácticas institucionales en torno a la problemática de los homicidios de adolescentes y jóvenes. Los datos fueron producidos por observaciones, conversaciones en el cotidiano, entrevistas y grupos de discusiones. La sección de resultados y discusión destaca: 1) la violencia como fortaleciedora de barreras en el acceso de profesionales a los territorios y en el acceso de las juventudes más estigmatizadas a los servicios existentes; 2) los desafíos de profesionales de tomar la violencia como objeto de acción-reflexión-acción y 3) la experiencia de grupos de discusiones intersectoriales en la Barra de Ceará como estrategia de colectivización de la problemática de los homicidios. (AU)